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File Name:. This guide is intended to help users get started with using NVIDIA CUDA on Windows Subsystem for Linux WSL 2. The guide covers installation and running CUDA applications and containers in this environment. This document describes CUDA Compatibility, including CUDA Enhanced Compatibility and CUDA Forward Compatible Upgrade. The CUPTI-API. The CUDA Profiling Tools Interface CUPTI enables the creation of profiling and tracing tools that target CUDA applications.

A technology introduced in Kepler-class GPUs and CUDA 5. This document introduces the technology and describes the steps necessary to enable a GPUDirect RDMA connection to NVIDIA GPUs within the Linux device driver model.

This is a reference document for nvcc, the CUDA compiler driver. The NVIDIA tool for debugging CUDA applications running on Linux and QNX, providing developers with a mechanism for debugging CUDA applications running on actual hardware.

CUDA-GDB is an extension to the x port of GDB, the GNU Project debugger. The NVIDIA Nsight Compute is the next-generation interactive kernel profiler for CUDA applications. It provides detailed performance metrics and API debugging via a user interface and command line tool. A number of issues related to floating point accuracy and compliance are a frequent source of confusion on both CPUs and GPUs. In this white paper we show how to use the cuSPARSE and cuBLAS libraries to achieve a 2x speedup over CPU in the incomplete-LU and Cholesky preconditioned iterative methods.

We focus on the Bi-Conjugate Gradient Stabilized and Conjugate Gradient iterative methods, that can be used to solve large sparse nonsymmetric and symmetric positive definite linear systems, respectively.

Also, we comment on the parallel sparse triangular solve, which is an essential building block in these algorithms. This application note provides an overview of NVIDIA® Tegra® memory architecture and considerations for porting code from a discrete GPU dGPU attached to an x86 system to the Tegra® integrated GPU iGPU. It also discusses EGL interoperability. The libdevice library is an LLVM bitcode library that implements common functions for GPU kernels. NVVM IR is a compiler IR intermediate representation based on the LLVM IR.

The NVVM IR is designed to represent GPU compute kernels for example, CUDA kernels. High-level language front-ends, like the CUDA C compiler front-end, can generate NVVM IR. CUDA Toolkit Documentation v Release Notes The Release Notes for the CUDA Toolkit. CUDA Features Archive The list of CUDA features by release.

EULA The CUDA Toolkit End User License Agreement applies to the NVIDIA CUDA Toolkit, the NVIDIA CUDA Samples, the NVIDIA Display Driver, NVIDIA Nsight tools Visual Studio Edition , and the associated documentation on CUDA APIs, programming model and development tools. Installation Guides  Quick Start Guide This guide provides the minimal first-steps instructions for installation and verifying CUDA on a standard system. Installation Guide Windows This guide discusses how to install and check for correct operation of the CUDA Development Tools on Microsoft Windows systems.

Programming Guides  Programming Guide This guide provides a detailed discussion of the CUDA programming model and programming interface. Best Practices Guide This guide presents established parallelization and optimization techniques and explains coding metaphors and idioms that can greatly simplify programming for CUDA-capable GPU architectures.

Maxwell Compatibility Guide This application note is intended to help developers ensure that their NVIDIA CUDA applications will run properly on GPUs based on the NVIDIA Maxwell Architecture. Pascal Compatibility Guide This application note is intended to help developers ensure that their NVIDIA CUDA applications will run properly on GPUs based on the NVIDIA Pascal Architecture.

Volta Compatibility Guide This application note is intended to help developers ensure that their NVIDIA CUDA applications will run properly on GPUs based on the NVIDIA Volta Architecture. Turing Compatibility Guide This application note is intended to help developers ensure that their NVIDIA CUDA applications will run properly on GPUs based on the NVIDIA Turing Architecture. NVIDIA Ampere GPU Architecture Compatibility Guide This application note is intended to help developers ensure that their NVIDIA CUDA applications will run properly on GPUs based on the NVIDIA Ampere GPU Architecture.

Hopper Compatibility Guide This application note is intended to help developers ensure that their NVIDIA CUDA applications will run properly on the Hopper GPUs.

Ada Compatibility Guide This application note is intended to help developers ensure that their NVIDIA CUDA applications will run properly on the Ada GPUs. PTX ISA This guide provides detailed instructions on the use of PTX, a low-level parallel thread execution virtual machine and instruction set architecture ISA. Developer Guide for Optimus This document explains how CUDA APIs can be used to query for GPU capabilities in NVIDIA Optimus systems.

Video Decoder NVIDIA Video Decoder NVCUVID is deprecated. PTX Interoperability This document shows how to write PTX that is ABI-compliant and interoperable with other CUDA code. Inline PTX Assembly This document shows how to inline PTX parallel thread execution assembly language statements into CUDA code.

CUDA Occupancy Calculator The CUDA Occupancy Calculator allows you to compute the multiprocessor occupancy of a GPU by a given CUDA kernel. CUDA API References  CUDA Runtime API Fields in structures might appear in order that is different from the order of declaration.

CUDA Driver API Fields in structures might appear in order that is different from the order of declaration. CUDA Math API The CUDA math API. cuBLAS The cuBLAS library is an implementation of BLAS Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms on top of the NVIDIA CUDA runtime.

cuDLA API The cuDLA API. NVBLAS The NVBLAS library is a multi-GPUs accelerated drop-in BLAS Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms built on top of the NVIDIA cuBLAS Library.

nvJPEG The nvJPEG Library provides high-performance GPU accelerated JPEG decoding functionality for image formats commonly used in deep learning and hyperscale multimedia applications. cuFFT The cuFFT library user guide. CUB The user guide for CUB. cuFile API Reference Guide The NVIDIA® GPUDirect® Storage cuFile API Reference Guide provides information about the preliminary version of the cuFile API reference guide that is used in applications and frameworks to leverage GDS technology and describes the intent, context, and operation of those APIs, which are part of the GDS technology.

cuRAND The cuRAND library user guide. cuSPARSE The cuSPARSE library user guide. NPP NVIDIA NPP is a library of functions for performing CUDA accelerated processing.

nvJitLink The user guide for the nvJitLink library. Thrust The Thrust getting started guide. cuSOLVER The cuSOLVER library user guide. PTX Compiler API References  PTX Compiler APIs This guide shows how to compile a PTX program into GPU assembly code using APIs provided by the static PTX Compiler library. Miscellaneous  CUDA Samples CUDA Demo Suite This document describes the demo applications shipped with the CUDA Demo Suite. CUDA on WSL This guide is intended to help users get started with using NVIDIA CUDA on Windows Subsystem for Linux WSL 2.

Multi-Instance GPU MIG This edition of the user guide describes the Multi-Instance GPU feature of the NVIDIA® A GPU. CUDA Compatibility This document describes CUDA Compatibility, including CUDA Enhanced Compatibility and CUDA Forward Compatible Upgrade. CUPTI The CUPTI-API. Debugger API The CUDA debugger API. GPUDirect RDMA A technology introduced in Kepler-class GPUs and CUDA 5.

GPUDirect Storage The documentation for GPUDirect Storage. vGPU vGPUs that support CUDA.

A binary option is a financial exotic option in which the payoff is either some fixed monetary amount or nothing at all. The former pays some fixed amount of cash if the option expires in-the-money while the latter pays the value of the underlying security. While binary options may be used in theoretical asset pricing, they are prone to fraud in their applications and hence banned by regulators in many jurisdictions as a form of gambling.

FBI is investigating binary option scams throughout the world, and the Israeli police have tied the industry to criminal syndicates. On January 30, , Facebook banned advertisements for binary options trading as well as for cryptocurrencies and initial coin offerings ICOs. Binary options "are based on a simple 'yes' or 'no' proposition: Will an underlying asset be above a certain price at a certain time?

If a customer believes the price of an underlying asset will be above a certain price at a set time, the trader buys the binary option, but if he or she believes it will be below that price, they sell the option. In the U. Investopedia described the binary options trading process in the U. If at p. This is called being "in the money".

This is called being "out of the money". The bid and offer fluctuate until the option expires. You can close your position at any time before expiry to lock in a profit or a reduce a loss compared to letting it expire out of the money. In the online binary options industry, where the contracts are sold by a broker to a customer in an OTC manner, a different option pricing model is used.

Brokers sell binary options at a fixed price e. Some brokers, also offer a sort of out-of-money reward to a losing customer. On non-regulated platforms, client money is not necessarily kept in a trust account, as required by government financial regulation , and transactions are not monitored by third parties in order to ensure fair play.

Binary options are often considered a form of gambling rather than investment because of their negative cumulative payout the brokers have an edge over the investor and because they are advertised as requiring little or no knowledge of the markets. Gordon Pape, writing in Forbes. com in , called binary options websites "gambling sites, pure and simple", and said "this sort of thing can quickly become addictive no one, no matter how knowledgeable, can consistently predict what a stock or commodity will do within a short time frame".

Pape observed that binary options are poor from a gambling standpoint as well because of the excessive "house edge". Let's say you make 1, "trades" and win of them. In other words, you must win The U. Commodity Futures Trading Commission warns that "some binary options Internet-based trading platforms may overstate the average return on investment by advertising a higher average return on investment than a customer should expect given the payout structure.

In the Black—Scholes model , the price of the option can be found by the formulas below. This pays out one unit of cash if the spot is above the strike at maturity. Its value now is given by. This pays out one unit of cash if the spot is below the strike at maturity. This pays out one unit of asset if the spot is above the strike at maturity.

This pays out one unit of asset if the spot is below the strike at maturity. Its value now is given by:. call is worth exactly one unit. The price of a cash-or-nothing American binary put resp. The above follows immediately from expressions for the Laplace transform of the distribution of the conditional first passage time of Brownian motion to a particular level. Similarly, paying out 1 unit of the foreign currency if the spot at maturity is above or below the strike is exactly like an asset-or nothing call and put respectively.

The Black—Scholes model relies on symmetry of distribution and ignores the skewness of the distribution of the asset. The skew matters because it affects the binary considerably more than the regular options. A binary call option is, at long expirations, similar to a tight call spread using two vanilla options.

Thus, the value of a binary call is the negative of the derivative of the price of a vanilla call with respect to strike price:. Skew is typically negative, so the value of a binary call is higher when taking skew into account.

Since a binary call is a mathematical derivative of a vanilla call with respect to strike, the price of a binary call has the same shape as the delta of a vanilla call, and the delta of a binary call has the same shape as the gamma of a vanilla call. Many binary option "brokers" have been exposed as fraudulent operations. Manipulation of price data to cause customers to lose is common. Withdrawals are regularly stalled or refused by such operations; if a client has good reason to expect a payment, the operator will simply stop taking their phone calls.

On 23 March , The European Securities and Markets Authority , a European Union financial regulatory institution and European Supervisory Authority located in Paris, agreed to new temporary rules prohibiting the marketing, distribution or sale of binary options to retail clients.

The Australian Securities and Investments Commission ASIC warned Australian investors on 13 February against Opteck, an unlicensed binary option provider. In August , Belgium's Financial Services and Markets Authority banned binary options schemes, based on concerns about widespread fraud. No firms are registered in Canada to offer or sell binary options, so no binary options trading is currently allowed.

Provincial regulators have proposed a complete ban on all binary options trading include a ban on online advertising for binary options trading sites. On May 3, , the Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission CySEC announced a policy change regarding the classification of binary options as financial instruments. The effect is that binary options platforms operating in Cyprus, where many of the platforms are now based, would have to be CySEC regulated within six months of the date of the announcement.

CySEC was the first EU MiFID -member regulator to treat binary options as financial instruments. In , CySEC prevailed over the disreputable binary options brokers and communicated intensively with traders in order to prevent the risks of using unregulated financial services. On September 19, , CySEC sent out a press release warning investors against binary options broker TraderXP, who was not and had never been licensed by CySEC.

CySEC also temporarily suspended the license of the Cedar Finance on December 19, , because the potential violations referenced appeared to seriously endanger the interests of the company's customers and the proper functioning of capital markets, as described in the official issued press release.

CySEC also issued a warning against binary option broker PlanetOption at the end of the year and another warning against binary option broker LBinary on January 10, , pointing out that it was not regulated by the Commission and the Commission had not received any notification by any of its counterparts in other European countries to the effect of this firm being a regulated provider.

OptionBravo and ChargeXP were also financially penalized. CySEC also indicated that it had voted to reject the ShortOption license application. In , CySEC repeatedly fined Banc De Binary for several violations including the solicitation of U. In August , France's Sapin II bill on transparency was announced by the Autorité des Marchés Financiers AMF , seeking to outlaw all financial derivatives advertising.

The AMF stated that it would ban the advertising of certain highly speculative and risky financial contracts to private individuals by electronic means. The French regulator is determined to cooperate with the legal authorities to have illegal websites blocked.

This ban was seen by industry watchers as having an impact on sponsored sports such as European football clubs. The Cyprus-based company 24Option [46] was banned from trading in France by AMF earlier in German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority BaFin has been regularly publishing investor warnings.

On November 29, , BaFin announced that it is planning to "prohibit the marketing, distribution and sale of binary options to retail clients at a national level". According to the Commodity Futures Trading Regulatory Agency CoFTRA in Indonesia, also known as BAPPEBTI, binary options are considered a form of online gambling and is illegal in the country.

The move to delegalize binary options stems from concerns that the public may be swayed by misleading advertisements, promotions, and offers to participate in fraudulent practices that operate under the guise of binary options trading.

In March binary options trading within Israel was banned by the Israel Securities Authority , on the grounds that such trading is essentially gambling and not a form of investment management. The ban was extended to overseas clients as well in October In The Times of Israel ran several articles on binary options fraud. In July the Israeli binary option firms Vault Options and Global Trader were ordered by the U.

The companies were also banned permanently from operating in the United States or selling to U. In November the Israel Securities Authority carried out a raid on the Ramat Gan offices of binary option broker iTrader.

The CEO and six other employees were charged with fraud, providing unlicensed investment advice, and obstruction of justice. On May 15, , Eliran Saada, the owner of Express Target Marketing , which has operated the binary options companies InsideOption and SecuredOptions, was arrested on suspicion of fraud, false accounting, forgery, extortion , and blackmail.

In August Israeli police superintendent Rafi Biton said that the binary trading industry had "turned into a monster". He told the Israeli Knesset that criminal investigations had begun. In September , the FBI arrested Lee Elbaz, CEO of binary options trading company Yukom Communications, upon her arrival in the United States. They arrested her for wire fraud and conspiracy to commit wire fraud.

In February , the FBI arrested Austin Smith, Founder of Wealth Recovery International, after his arrival in the United States. Smith was arrested for wire fraud due to his involvement as an employee of Binarybook. In March the Malta Financial Services Authority MFSA announced that binary options regulation would be transferred away from Malta's Lottery and Gaming Authority. This required providers to obtain a category 3 Investment Services license and conform to MiFID's minimum capital requirements ; firms could previously operate from the jurisdiction with a valid Lottery and Gaming Authority license.

In April , New Zealand 's Financial Markets Authority FMA announced that all brokers that offer short-term investment instruments that settle within three days are required to obtain a license from the agency.

In the UK, binary options were regulated by the Gambling Commission rather than the Financial Conduct Authority FCA. They stated that binary options "did not appear to meet a genuine investment need". The Isle of Man , a self-governing Crown dependency for which the UK is responsible, has issued licenses to companies offering binary options as "games of skill" licensed and regulated under fixed odds betting by the Isle of Man Gambling Supervision Commission GSC.

On October 19, , London police raided 20 binary options firms in London. Fraud within the market is rife, with many binary options providers using the names of famous and respectable people without their knowledge. The City of London police in May said that reported losses for the previous financial year were £13 million, increased from £2 million the year before. In the United States, the Securities and Exchange Commission SEC approved exchange-traded binary options in AMEX now NYSE American offers binary options on some exchange-traded funds and a few highly liquid equities such as Citigroup and Google.

On the exchange binary options were called "fixed return options" FROs. To reduce the threat of market manipulation of single stocks, FROs use a "settlement index" defined as a volume-weighted average of trades on the expiration day. AMEX and Donato A.

If you specify a bin directory in directories. If you would like to ensure that a given package is only ever published to a specific registry for example, an internal registry , then use the publishConfig dictionary described below to override the registry config param at publish-time. See scripts to find out more about writing package scripts. To copy the download to your computer to view at a later time, click Save. The IEEE decided that their standards would use the prefixes kilo , etc. The investigation is not limited to the binary options brokers, but is comprehensive and could include companies that provide services that allow the industry to operate. Princeton University political scientist Lauren Wright, Ph.

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